NANSCOPIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SECURE FURURE

...By "solution to the energy problem" I mean one where we now have abundant energy available in the amounts we need, universally around the planet at a low enough cost that we can do the things that we need to do during these 50 years for the billions of people on the planet.

Professor & Nobel Laureate R. E. Smalley
Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)
Transcript of speech "Nanotechnology, Energy and People" by Professor & Nobel Laureate R. E. Smalley of Rice University, at the MIT Enterprise Forum, Houston, January 22, 2003.
http://smalley.rice.edu

Atom = 1 Angstrom = 1/10000000000 meters

Nucleus
(fm) measurement definition

Where will this technolongy take us?
Within a short space of time, we will use this technology to manufacture consumer products at the molecular level, piecing together one atom or molecule at a time to make baseballs, telephones and cars and even a new generation of computer chips (Processors) that will revolutionize our lives. This is the goal of nanotechnology. As televisions, airplanes and first generation computers revolutionized the world in the last century, we predict that nanotechnology will have an even more profound effect on the next century.

What is Matter?

Matter is the stuff we are all made of cars, tables chairs flesh, everything.
If you looked in to a Atom = 1 Angstrom = 1/10000000000 meters
The nucleus has approximately a constant density and therefore the nuclear radius R can be approximated by the following formula, R = r0A1 / 3

The Nucleus

















There are 6 Known Quarks: Down Quark, Up Quark, Top Quark, Bottom Quark, Strange Quark and Charm Quark

The Up Quarks and Down Quarks each has a different charge
Up Quark has +2/3 electron charge
Down Quark has - 1/3 electron charge
These combined to give us the Proton

Up Quark has +1/3 electron charge
Down Quark has - 2/3 electron charge
These combined to give us the Neutron
And everything we see is made up of these.

That is why along with the electrons quarks are called the most fundamental particles.

Antimatter
For every matter particle it has and antimatter partner and in most respects they are identical. Has the same mass same size has the same amount of electric charge but in one respect they are very different The electron with minus electric charge and the antimatter equivalent of the electron which is called the positive electron (Positron) has plus electron charge That is the main difference between them but there is also a subtle symmetry between then and that is as an electronic travels through matter it likes to spin and it spins with a left-handed cork screw spin and the Positron spins with a right-handed cork screw spin. There appears to be perfect symmetry between the two.

British Mathematician/Physicist Dirac working at Cambridge University in England first discovered antimatter in 1928 when he developed what became known as the “Dirac Equation”

The famous Dirac Equation predicts antimatter 4 years before it is deovered
Here in the form originally proposed by him:






where m is the rest mass of the electron,
c is the speed of light,
p is the momentum operator,
is the reduced Planck's constant,
x and t are the space and time coordinates.

Antimatter is mysterious in the sense that we don’t know where it is but High energy cosmic rays create antimatter when it travels through the earth’s atmosphere, it produces lots of antimatter. We can make antimatter in particle accelerators but the mystery is why there is more matter than antimatter.

What is a Nanometer?
Atoms are so small that we cannot see them with our eyes (i.e., microscopic). To give you a feel for some sizes, these are approximate diameters of various atoms and particles: -atom = 1 x 10^-10 meters - nucleus = 1 x 10^-15 to 1 x 10^-14 meters-neutron or proton = 1 x 10^-15 meters - electron not known exactly, but thought to be on the order of 1 x 10^-18 meters.

Atoms can be moved and conformed to make many devices such as molecular motors .Technically, a nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.

Alternatively, Thomas Kenny of Stanford University describes it as..."almost as wide as a DNA molecule and 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. It's about how much your fingernails grow each second and how far the San Andreas fault slips in half a second. It's the thickness of a drop of water spread over a square meter. It's one-tenth the thickness of the metal film on your tinted sunglasses or your potato chip bag. The smallest lithographic feature on a Pentium computer chip is about 100 nanometers.In other words, research on the scale between one-billionth of a meter (about 10 hydrogen atoms across) and 100-billionths of a meter. The emerging field of nano technology has generated a great deal of attention recently. Though definitions vary, this field is focused on materials, devices, structures and processes that occur on the scale of atoms or groups of atoms. The size regime is on the order of nanometers."

Some Definitions of this Science and Technology:
In recent general usage, any technology related to features of nanometer scale: thin films, fine particles, chemical synthesis, advanced microlithography, and so forth. As introduced by the author, a technology based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis; this can be termed molecular nanotechnology. The science and art of making devices that are smaller in scale than MEMS, often at a molecular size, generally fabricated by chemical processes that result in the growth or formation of certain useful structures MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems. A technology dealing with building mechanical structures on silicon wafers using IC processing techniques. MEMS sensors already developed are primarily used for pressure and acceleration measurement. Nanoscience is the study of the very small - things at the nanometer scale. This is the scale of large molecules; molecular chains (like plastics), proteins (from biology), nano-crystals (for example nanocrystalline diamond) and new large molecules like fullerenes and nanotubes.

Nanoscience is essentially the physics and chemistry of objects at the nanoscale.Don't believe it if you hear the laws of physics no longer apply at this scale - they certainly do! However they sometimes behave differently to what we're used to at the human scale of things. For example, just as if you look closely at a newspaper picture it starts to look like lots of dots, so energies at the nanoscale and smaller can become quantized (split into certain fixed amounts). As crystals get smaller the ratio of their surface area to volume increases - many nano-objects are all surface (all skin and no custard!). This can be a useful property for catalysts, where chemical reactions occur on their surfaces (nano-scale catalysts can be extremely efficient).


This image was written using Dip-Pen Nanolithography, and imaged using
lateral force microscopy mode of an atomic force microscope. Courtesy
the Mirkin Group, Northwestern University. From "There's Plenty of Room
at the Bottom" By Professor Richard P. Feynman, December 29th, 1959.

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Under President Bush’s visionary Hydrogen Initiative, the Department of Energy supports early, high-risk research to overcome the technical barriers to a hydrogen economy and seeks to make it practical and cost-effective for Americans to choose to use clean, hydrogen fuel vehicles by 2020. Using hydrogen fuel vehicles will dramatically improve America's energy security by significantly reducing the need for imported oil, as well as help clean our air and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.